Immunopathology & Cytology. Important questions (Question Bank).

UNIT I

Special stains

• 1.1 Principle, significance, and interpretation of different types of stains

  • - PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff’s Reagent)

  • - Silver impergnation stain – Reticulin fibre

  • - Ziehl Neelson’s – for AFB and Leprae

  • - Masson’s trichrome stain

  • - Oil Red O – fat

  • - Gram’s stain – Gram +ve and Gram –ve

• 1.2 Definition of Decalcification

• 1.3 Process of decalcification

• 1.4 Various types of decalcifying methods, Their mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications

• 1.5 Assessment of Decalcification

SECTION A

1. Which of the following is not a natural stain?

a) Brazilin b) Carmine c) Safranin d) Hematoxylin

c) Nitric acid d) None of these

2. The process of removal of calcium from bone is called_________.

a) calcification b) coagulation b) decalcification d) decalcifying

3. Silver impregnation stain is used for________

a) Connective tissue b) Fat b) Lipids d) Carbohydrates

4. Expand PAS

a) Perls acidic stain b) Periodic acid Schiff

b) Papanicoloau stain d) None of these

5. Lipids are commonly stained using_______

a) Oil red O b) Sudan stain b) Orange G d) Both a & b

6. PAS stain is used to study _______

a) Photosynthesis b) Lipids b) Protein d) Carbohydrates

7. Which of the following is a common nuclear stain?

a) Hematoxylin b) Fast green c) Safranin d) Erythrosine

8. Calcium ions make the tissue_____

a) Soft b) Hard c) Flexible d) All of these

9. Which is used as the counter stain is the PAS staining method

a) Periodic stain b) HCL c) Hematoxylin d) Acid-Alcohol

SECTION B

• 1. Define histopathology.

• 2. Name two decalcifying solutions.

• 3. Give the full form of PAP & H & E.

• 4. Define MCG.

• 5. Define decalcification.

• 6. Name any two AFB micro-organisms.

• 7. Write the name of any two decalcifying agents.

• 8. Give the principle of PAS stain.

• 9. ZiehINeelson’sstain is used to identify Virus. (True/False)

• 10. PAS staining method is used to detect_______(polysaccharide/=iron)

• 11. Define Masson's trichrome stain What is decalcification?

• 12. Oil red O stain is used for________staining.

• 13. Increase in temperature will_______________ the decalcification

• 14. b) What are counter stains?

• 15. What is Decalcification

• 16. Which stain is used for Reticulin fibre?

• 17. Give the principle of oil red -o stain.

SECTION C

• 1. Describe the testing of decalcification in tissue.

• 2. Give the procedure of MGG stain.

• 3. Write a short on Z-N stain for AFB.

• 4. Enlist the different applications of decalcification

• 5. Write in detail about the assessment of decalcification. Explain the process of decalcifying in brief.

• 6. Write the principle and procedure of gram stain.

• 7. Write the composition, advantages, and disadvantages of formal nitric acid.

• 8. Explain the decalcifying agent aqueous nitric acid.

• 9. Give a brief account of the PAS stain

• 10. Give the composition of Perenyi's fluid.

• 11. Give the name of any two decalcifying fluids Write a note on Decalcifying fluids.

• 12. Explain the factors influencing the rate of Decalcifying.

• 13. Name any two special stains.

• 14. Explain the factors influencing the rate of Decalcifying.

• 15. Explain Masson's Trichome stain.

SECTION D

• 1. Give the principle and procedure of Alcian blue PAS stain.

• 2. Give the principle, procedure, and interpretation of ZN staining.

• 3. Explain the various methods of decalcification.

• 4. What are special stains? Explain Masson's trichome stain.

• 5. Explain the principle, regents, technique, and interpretation of PAP staining.

• 6. Define declassified agent. Explain their classification. Briefly explain any one group

• 7. Explain the principle and procedure of the ZN staining method.

• 8. Give the procedure & interpretation of the result of AFB staining.

• 9. Write a note on the gram stain method.

• 10. Give a comprehensive note on PAS stain.

UNIT II

Handling of fresh histological tissues (Frozen Section)

• 2.1 Reception and processing of frozen tissue

• 2.2 Freezing microtome and cryostat

• 2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of freezing microtome and cryostat

• 2.4 Working, care, and maintenance of freezing microtome and cryostat

• 2.5 Frozen section cutting

• 2.6 Staining - Rapid H&E - Fat stain

• 2.7 Mounting of frozen section

SECTION A

1. Which type of microtome is used to cut fresh unfixed tissues?

a) Rotary microtome b) Ultra microtome b) Cryostat d) None of these

2. Hematoxylin stains which part of the cell

a) Nuclear Part. b) Cytoplasmic part. c) Both A& B. d) Mitochondria

3. Which is used as a mordant is hematoxyline stain?

a) Hematoxyline b) Eosin c) Alum d) None

4. _________is used as a cooling agent in freezing microtome.

a) Oxygen b) Monoxide c) CO d) CO2

5. Mucoid specimen?

a) Streaking b) Spreading c) Direct smear d) None of these

6. Museum specimens are stored in ______ container.

a) Glass b) Plastic c) Metal d) All of these

7. _________is used as a cooling agent in freezing microtome.

a) Oxygen b) Monoxide c) CO d) CO2

8. In freezing microtome which gas is used?

a) Oxygen b) Carbon dioxide c) Lithium d) Hydrogen

SECTION B

• 1. Give the full form of PAP & H & E.

• 2. Give the ideal temperature of the tissue floatation bath.

• 3. Name any two fixatives.

• 4. Name two types of microtomes.

• 5. Frozen section technique is used to demonstrate ______and _______.

• 6. _____Discovered Cryostat microtome.

• 7. Which gas is used in cryostat?

• 8. What is freezing microtome & cryostat? (Imp)

• 9. Which of the following is used in Gram staining? (Hematoxyline /Crystal violet)

SECTION C

1. Write the method of preparation of mounting solution

• 2. Define museum specimens and explain their utility.

• 3. Give the principle of freezing microtome.

• 4. Write a short note on the mounting of the frozen section.

• 5. How we maintain freezing microtone?

• 6. Write the advantages and disadvantages of freezing microtome.

• 7. Differentiate freezing microtome and cryostat microtome.

• 8. Differentiate the advantages of microtome & cryostat.

• 9. Write a note on the Mounting of the frozen section.

SECTION D

• Describe the principle and working of the Automatic tissue processor.

• Give the principle & procedure of H & E staining. (V Imp)

• Write about the working, care, and maintenance of FREEZING Microtome.

UNIT III

Museum Techniques

3.1 Introduction to the museum with emphasis on the importance of the museum

• 3.2 Reception, fixation, and processing of various museum specimens

• 3.3 Cataloguing of museum specimen

• 3.4 Introduction to Autopsy Technique

• 3.5 Care and maintenance of autopsy area, autopsy instruments,

• 3.6 handling of Dead Bodies and various Uses of autopsy

Section A

1. Which fixative is used to fix museum specimens?

a) Kaiserling solution b) Formalin c) Nitric acid d) None of these

2. Which is commonly used mounting media?

a) Canada Balsam b) Permount c) DRX d) Clarite

3. Fixatives prevent the cell from

a) Autolysis b) Putrefaction c) Both A & B d) None

SECTION B

1. Name the reagent used in Kaiserling's solution II.

• 2. Define autopsy (V. Imp).

• 3. Define mounting.

• 4. What are museum specimens?

• 5. _________ is a good mounting medium.

• 6. What is a museum?

• 7. Which embedding media is most popular?

• 8. Why mounting is important?

SECTION C

1. Give the preparation of mounting solution Kaiserling III (V Imp).

• 2. Give the composition of kaicerling II solution. (V Imp)

• 3. Why cataloging of museum specimens is important?

• 4. Write a short note on the mounting of the frozen section.

• 5. What type of preparation can be done before the autopsy?

• 6. How will you preserve the museum specimen?

• 7. Differentiate malignant cells and normal cells. (Imp)

• 8. What are the uses of formalin in histology? (Imp)

• 9. Why mounting is important?

• 10. Write a note on cytospin.

• 11. Name the instrument used for postmortem.

• 12. Write a short note on the cataloging of museum specimens.

• 13. What type of preparations can be done before an Autopsy?

• 14. Why museum is important in Histopathology?

SECTION D

• 1. Give the procedure for mounting museum specimens.

• 2. Describe the use of various autopsy instruments.

• 3. Give the procedure and mounting of museum specimens.

• 4. Explain the reception, preservation, processing, and cataloging of museum specimens.

• 5. Briefly explain autopsy instruments.

• 6. Write the method of preparation of the mounting solution.

• 7. Define museum specimens and explain their utility.

• 8. Write a detailed note on the Museum technique. (Imp)

• 9. Explain the care, preservation & Cataloguing of museum specimens.

UNIT IV

Aspiration Cytology

• 4.1 Principle of FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology)

• 4.2 Procedure of FNAC

• 4.3 Indications of FNAC 4.4 Uses of FNAC

SECTION A

1. Cancer cells cannot initiate death via______and may divide indefinitely.

a) Mitotic catastrophe b) Spindle chaos c) Apoptosisd d) Evasion

2. FNAC is __________

a) Fine needle aspiration cytology b) Fine needle separation cytology

b) Five-needle cytology d) None

3. FNAC is used to diagnose________

a) tumor b) malignancy c) muscle damage d) all of these

SECTION B

• 1. What is FNAC?

• 2. Expand HCG and FNAC. (V Imp)

• 3. What is aspiration cytology?

• 4. No Anesthesia is required in FNAC. (True/False)

SECTION C

1. What are the applications of FNAC? (V Imp)

• 2. Explain the advantages & disadvantages of aspiration cytology.

• 3. Differentiate between benign and malignant cells.

• 4. Write a note on Aspiration cytology.

• 5. What are the uses of FNAC?

• 6. Describe the principle of aspiration cytology. (Imp)

SECTION D

1. Write in detail about FNAC with a diagram.

UNIT V

Cytological Special Stains

• 5.1 Principle, Technique & Interpretation of PAS (Periodic Acid Schiffs reagent Stain)

• 5.2 Principle, Technique & Interpretation of Zeihl Neelson’s (ZN) Stain (AFB)

• 5.3 Advancements in Cytology, Automation in Cytology, Use of Cytospin

• 5.4 Hormonal Assessment, Importance of HCG 5.5 Use of Hormonal Assessment (Pregnancy Test)

SECTION B

• 1. Define malignant cells OR What are malignant cells?

• 2. Expand HCG.

• 3. What are cancer cells?

• 4. Full form of HCG is_____________.

• 5. What is a cytospin?

• 6. Cytospin help better preservation of________.

• 7. Expand AFB and PAP.

• 8. The findings of the biopsy are utilized to clarify the causes of death. (True/False)

SECTION C

• 1. Draw a diagram of AYRE's spatula

• 2. Write a note on AYRE.

• 3. Write the uses of cytosine in cytology

• 4. Explain the difference between malignant cells and normal cells.

• 5. Write any four characteristics of malignant cells.

• 6. How we can take samples for the detection of sex chromatin?

SECTION D

• 1. Give the procedure and results of the PAP staining technique.

• 2. Give the principle and procedure of Alcian blue PAS stain.

• 3. Give the principle, procedure, and interpretation of ZN staining.

• 4. Write a short note on hormonal assessment tests for the detection of pregnancy.

• 5. Give a brief account of the pregnancy test.

• 6. Give in detail about the automation in Histopathology.

This is all about the important questions subject of Immunopathology and Cytology in the HSBTE Examination. Stay tuned with alokpdf.com

Dr Pramila Singh