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D Pharm IInd Year Syllabus

D Pharm IInd Year Syllabus. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Pharmacotherapeutics, Hospital Pharmacy, Community Pharmacy,

Alok Bains

8/30/202310 min read

PHARMACOLOGY – THEORY. 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

General Pharmacology: 10 Hours

  •  Introduction and Scope of Pharmacology

  •  Various routes of drug administration - advantages and disadvantages

  •  Drug absorption - definition, types, factors affecting drug absorption

  •  Bioavailability and the Factors Affecting Bioavailability

  •  Drug distribution - definition, factors affecting drug distribution

  •  Biotransformation of drugs - Definition, types of biotransformation reactions, factors influencing drug metabolisms

  •  Excretion of drugs - Definition, routes of drug excretion

  •  General mechanisms of drug action and factors modifying drug action

2 Drugs Acting on the Peripheral Nervous System

 Steps involved in neurohumoral transmission

 Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of

  • a) Cholinergic drugs

  • b) Anti-cholinergic drugs

  • c) Adrenergic drugs

  • d) Anti-adrenergic drugs

  • e) Neuromuscular blocking agents

  • f) Drugs used in Myasthenia gravis

  • g) Local anesthetic agents

  • h) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

3 Drugs Acting on the Eye: 2 Hours

Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of

  •  Miotics

  •  Mydriatics

  •  Drugs used in Glaucoma

4 Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System 8 Hours

Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of

  •  General anaesthetics

  •  Hypnotics and sedatives

  •  Anti-Convulsant drugs

  •  Anti-anxiety drugs

  •  Anti-depressant drugs

  •  Anti-psychotics

  •  Nootropic agents

  •  Centrally acting muscle relaxants

  •  Opioid analgesics

  • 5 Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System 6Hours

  • Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of

  •  Anti-hypertensive drugs

  •  Anti-anginal drugs

  •  Anti-arrhythmic drugs

  •  Drugs used in atherosclerosis and

  •  Congestive heart failure

  •  Drug therapy for shock

  • 6 Drugs Acting on Blood and Blood Forming Organs 4 Hours

  • Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of

  •  Hematinic agents

  •  Anti-coagulants

  •  Anti-platelet agents

  •  Thrombolytic drugs

7 Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of: 2 Hours

  •  Bronchodilators

  •  Expectorants

  •  Anti-tussive agents

  •  Mucolytic agents

8 Drugs Acting on the Gastro-Intestinal Tract 5 Hours

Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of

  •  Anti-ulcer drugs

  •  Anti-emetics

  •  Laxatives and purgatives

  •  Anti-diarrheal drugs

9 Drugs Acting on the Kidney: 2 Hours

Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of

  •  Diuretics

  •  Anti-Diuretics

10 Hormones and Hormone Antagonists 8 Hours

Physiological and pathological role and clinical uses of

  •  Thyroid hormones

  •  Anti-thyroid drugs

  •  Parathormone

  •  Calcitonin

  •  Vitamin D

  •  Insulin

  •  Oral hypoglycemic agents

  •  Estrogen

  •  Progesterone

  •  Oxytocin

  •  Corticosteroids

11 Autocoids 3 Hours

  •  Physiological role of Histamine, 5 HT, and Prostaglandins

  •  Classification, clinical uses, and adverse effects of antihistamines and 5 HT antagonists

12 Chemotherapeutic Agents: Introduction, basic principles of chemotherapy of infections, infestations, and neoplastic diseases, Classification, dose, indication, and contraindications of drugs belonging to the following classes: 12 Hours

  •  Penicillins

  •  Cephalosporins

  •  Aminoglycosides

  •  Fluoroquinolones

  •  Macrolides

  •  Tetracyclines

  •  Sulphonamides

  •  Anti-tubercular drugs

  •  Anti-fungal drugs

  •  Anti-viral drugs

  •  Anti-amoebic agents

  •  Anthelmintics

  •  Anti-malarial agents

  •  Anti-neoplastic agents

13 Biologicals

Definition, types, and indications of biological agents with Examples

COMMUNITY PHARMACY AND MANAGEMENT – THEORY: 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Community Pharmacy Practice 2 Hours

  • 1. Definition, history, and development of community pharmacy - International and Indian Scenarios.

  • 2 Professional responsibilities of community pharmacists Introduction to Good Pharmacy Practice and SOPs. 3 Hours

3 Prescription and prescription handling 7 Hours

  •  Definition, parts of prescriptions, the legality of prescriptions, prescription handling, labelling of dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label, pictograms), brief instructions on medication usage

  •  Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices, dispensing errors and strategies to minimize them

4 Communication skills 6 Hours

  •  Definition, types of communication skills

  •  Interactions with professionals and patients

  •  Verbal communication skills (one-to-one, over the telephone)

  •  Written communication skills

  •  Body language

  •  Patient interview techniques

5 Patient Counseling 10 Hours

  •  Definition and benefits of patient counseling

  •  Stages of patient counseling - Introduction, counseling content, counseling process, and closing the counseling session

  •  Barriers to effective counseling - Types and strategies to overcome the barriers

  •  Patient counseling points for chronic diseases/disorders - Hypertension, Diabetes, Asthma,

  • Tuberculosis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and AIDS

  •  Patient Package Inserts - Definition, importance and benefits, Scenarios of PPI use in India and other countries

  •  Patient Information leaflets - Definition and uses

6 Medication Adherence 2 Hours

Definition, factors influencing non-adherence, strategies to overcome non-adherence

7 Health Screening Services in Community Pharmacy 5 Hours

Introduction, scope, and importance of various health screening services - for routine monitoring of patients, early detection, and referral of undiagnosed cases

9 Over The Counter (OTC) Medications 15 Hours

  •  Definition, need, and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing

  •  OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products

  •  Self-medication and the Role of pharmacists in promoting safe practices during self-medication

  •  Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions such as - Pain Management, Cough, Cold, Diarrhea, Constipation, Vomiting, Fever, Sore throat, Skin disorders, Oral health (mouth ulcers, dental pain, gum swelling)

10 Community Pharmacy Management 25 Hours

  •  Legal requirements to set up a community pharmacy

  •  Site selection requirements

  •  Pharmacy designs and interiors

  •  Vendor selection and ordering

  •  Procurement, inventory control methods, and inventory management

  •  Financial planning and management

  •  Accountancy in community pharmacy – Day book, Cash book

  •  Introduction to pharmacy operation software – usefulness and availability

  •  Customer Relation Management (CRM)

  •  Audits in Pharmacies

  •  SOP of Pharmacy Management

  •  Introduction to Digital Health, mHealth, and Online Pharmacies

BIOCHEMISTRY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY – THEORY  75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

1 Introduction to biochemistry: 2 Hours

Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy; Cell and its biochemical organization

2 Carbohydrates:  2 Hours

  •  Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties

  •  Monosaccharides - Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose

  •  Disaccharides - structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose

  •  Polysaccharides - chemical nature of starch and glycogen

  •  Qualitative Tests and biological role of carbohydrates

3 Proteins 5 Hours

  •  Definition, and classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples

  •  Definition, and classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples

  •  Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)

  •  Qualitative tests and the biological role of proteins and amino acids

 Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.

4 Lipids 5 Hours

  •  Definition, classification with examples

  •  Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)

  •  Fatty acid classification - Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples

  •  Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body

  •  Lipoproteins - types, composition, and functions in the body

 Qualitative tests and functions of lipids

5 Nucleic acids 4 Hours

  •  Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases

  •  Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples

  •  Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions

6 Enzymes 5 Hours

  •  Definition, properties, and IUB and MB classification

  •  Factors affecting enzyme activity

  •  Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors

  •  Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes

7 Vitamins 6 Hours

  •  Definition and classification with examples

  •  Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins

8 Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures) 20 Hours

  • Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates

  • Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis, and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as

Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia

  •  Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins):

General reactions of amino acids and its significance–

Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle, and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal

metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, and Jaundice.

  •  Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation

9 Minerals: 5 Hours

Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements

10 Water and Electrolytes 5 Hours

  •  Distribution, functions of water in the body

  •  Water turnover and balance

  •  Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolytes, and Electrolyte balance

  •  Dehydration, causes of dehydration, and oral rehydration therapy

11 Introduction to Biotechnology 01 Hours

12 Organ function tests 6 Hours

  •  Functions of kidneys and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidneys and their clinical significance

  •  Functions of the liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical significances

  •  Lipid Profile-Tests and its Clinical significances

13 Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine

  •  Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease

  •  Erythrocytes - Abnormal cells and their significance

  •  Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS - THEORY:  75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

  1. Pharmacotherapeutics –

Introduction, scope, and objectives. Rational use of Medicines, Evidence-based Based Medicine, Essential Medicines List, Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) 8 Hours

  1. Definition, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, nonpharmacological and pharmacological management of the diseases associated with

  • (a) Cardiovascular System 8 Hours

  •  Hypertension

  •  Angina and Myocardial infarction

  •  Hyperlipidaemia

  •  Congestive Heart Failure

  • (b) Respiratory System 4 Hours

  •  Asthma

  •  COPD

  • (c) Endocrine System 5 Hours

  •  Diabetes

  •  Thyroid disorders - Hypo and Hyperthyroidism

  • (d) Central Nervous System 8 Hours

  •  Epilepsy

  •  Parkinson’s disease

  •  Alzheimer’s disease

  •  Stroke

  •  Migraine

  • (e) Gastro Intestinal Disorders 8 Hours

  •  Gastro oesophageal reflux disease

  •  Peptic Ulcer Disease

  •  Alcoholic liver disease

  •  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)

  • (f) Haematological disorders 4 Hours

  •  Iron deficiency anaemia

  •  Megaloblastic anaemia

  • (g) Infectious diseases 12 Hours

  •  Tuberculosis

  •  Pneumonia

  •  Urinary tract infections

  •  Hepatitis

  •  Gonorrhoea and Syphilis

  •  Malaria

  •  HIV and Opportunistic infections

  •  Viral Infections (SARS, CoV2)

  • (h) Musculoskeletal disorders 3 Hours

  •  Rheumatoid arthritis

  •  Osteoarthritis

  • (i) Dermatology 3 Hours

  •  Psoriasis

  •  Scabies

  •  Eczema

  • (j) Psychiatric Disorders 4 Hours

  •  Depression

  •  Anxiety

  •  Psychosis

  • (k) Ophthalmology 2 Hours

  •  Conjunctivitis (bacterial and viral)

  •  Glaucoma

  • (l) Anti-microbial Resistance 2 Hours

  • (m) Women’s Health 4 Hours

  •  Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

  •  Dysmenorrhea

  •  Premenstrual Syndrome

HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY – THEORY: 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

1 Hospital Pharmacy 6 Hours

  •  Definition, scope, national and international scenario

  •  Organizational structure

  •  Professional responsibilities, Qualification and experience requirements, job specifications, workload requirements and inter professional relationships

  •  Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) in hospital

  •  Hospital Pharmacy Standards (FIP Basel Statements, AHSP)

  •  Introduction to NAQS guidelines and NABH Accreditation and Role of Pharmacists

2 Different Committees in the Hospital

  •  Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee - Objectives, Composition, and functions

  •  Hospital Formulary - Definition, procedure for development and use of hospital formulary

  •  Infection Control Committee – Role of Pharmacist in Preventing Antimicrobial Resistance

4 Supply Chain and Inventory Control 14 Hours

  •  Preparation of Drug lists - High-Risk drugs, Emergency drugs, Schedule H1 drugs, NDPS drugs, reserved antibiotics

  •  Procedures of Drug Purchases – Drug selection, short-term, long-term, and tender/e-tender process, quotations, etc.

  •  Inventory control techniques: Economic Order Quantity, Reorder Quantity Level, Inventory Turnover, etc.

  •  Inventory Management of Central Drug Store – Storage conditions, Methods of storage, Distribution, Maintaining Cold Chain, Devices used for cold storage (Refrigerator, ILR, Walk-in-Cold rooms)

  •  FEFO, FIFO methods

  •  Expiry drug removal, handling, and disposal. Disposal of Narcotics, cytotoxic drugs

  •  Documentation - purchase and inventory

5 Drug distributions

  •  Drug distribution (in-patients and out-patients) – Definition, advantages, and disadvantages of individual prescription order method, Floor Stock Method, Unit Dose Drug Distribution Method, and Drug Basket Method.

  •  Distribution of drugs to ICCU/ICU/NICU/Emergency wards.

  •  Automated drug dispensing systems and devices

  •  Distribution of Narcotic and Psychotropic substances and their storage 7 Hours

6 Compounding in Hospitals. 4 Hours

Bulk compounding, IV admixture services and incompatibilities, Total parenteral nutrition

7 Radio Pharmaceuticals 2 Hours

Storage, dispensing, and disposal of radiopharmaceuticals

8 Application of computers in Hospital Pharmacy Practice, Electronic health records, Software used in hospital pharmacy 2 Hours

9 Clinical Pharmacy: 12 Hours

Definition, scope, and development – in India and other countries

Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical settings, and their significance such as Paediatrics, Geriatric, Anti-natal Care, Post-natal Care, etc. Daily activities of clinical pharmacists: Definition, goal, and procedure of

  •  Ward round participation

  •  Treatment Chart Review

  •  Adverse drug reaction monitoring

  •  Drug information and poisons information

  •  Medication history

  •  Patient counselling

  •  Interprofessional collaboration

10 Pharmaceutical care:

Definition, and classification of drug-related problems. Principles and procedure to provide pharmaceutical care

Medication Therapy Management, Home Medication Review

10 Clinical laboratory tests used in the evaluation of disease states – 10 Hours

significance and interpretation of test results

  •  Haematological, Liver function, Renal function, thyroid function tests

  •  Tests associated with cardiac disorders

  •  Fluid and electrolyte balance

  •  Pulmonary Function Tests

11 Poisoning: 6 Hours

Types of poisoning: Clinical manifestations and Antidotes

Drugs and Poison Information Centre and their services – Definition, Requirements, Information resources with examples, and their advantages and disadvantages

12 Pharmacovigilance 2 Hours

  •  Definition, aim, and scope

  •  Overview of Pharmacovigilance

13 Medication errors: 6 Hours

Definition, types, consequences, and strategies to minimize medication errors, LASA drugs, and Tallman lettering as per ISMP

Drug Interactions: Definition, types, and clinical significance of drug interactions

PHARMACY LAW AND ETHICS – THEORY: 75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

  1. General Principles of Law, History, and various Acts related to Drugs and the Pharmacy profession: 2 Hours

  2. Pharmacy Act-1948 and Rules: Objectives, Definitions, Pharmacy Council of India; its constitution and functions, Education Regulations, State and Joint state pharmacy councils, Registration of Pharmacists, Offences and Penalties.

  3. Pharmacy Practice Regulations 2015. 5 Hours

  4. Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 and New Amendments. 23 Hours

Objectives, Definitions, Legal definitions of schedules to the Act and Rules Import of drugs – Classes of drugs and cosmetics prohibited from import, Import under license or permit.

Manufacture of drugs – Prohibition of manufacture and sale of certain drugs, Conditions for grant of license and conditions of license for manufacture of drugs, Manufacture of drugs for test, examination, and analysis, manufacture of a new drug, loan license, and repacking license. Study of schedule C and C1, G, H, H1, K, P, M, N, and X.

Sale of Drugs – Wholesale, Retail sale, and Restricted license, Records to be kept in a pharmacy. Drugs Prohibited for manufacture and sale in India

Administration of the Act and Rules – Drugs Technical Advisory Board, Central Drugs Laboratory, Drugs Consultative Committee, Government analysts, licensing authorities, controlling authorities, and Drug Inspectors.

  1. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 and Rules: 2 Hours

Objectives, Definitions, Authorities and Officers, Prohibition, Control and Regulation, Offences and Penalties.

  1. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954: 2 Hours

Objectives, Definitions, Prohibition of certain advertisements, Classes of Exempted advertisements, Offences and Penalties.

  1. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act-1960: 2 Hours

Objectives, Definitions, CPCSEA - brief overview, Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Breeding and Stocking of Animals, Performance of Experiments, Transfer and Acquisition of Animals for experiment, Records, Power to suspend or revoke registration, Offences and Penalties.

  1. Poisons Act-1919: Introduction, objective, definition, possession, possession for sales and sale of any poison, import of poisons. 2 Hours                                         

  2. FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) Act and Rules: 2 Hours

brief overview and aspects related to the manufacture, storage, sale, and labeling of Food Supplements

  1. National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authorities: 5 Hours

Drugs Price Control Order (DPCO) - 2013. Objectives, Definitions, Sale prices of bulk drugs, Retail price of formulations, Retail price and ceiling price of scheduled formulations, Pharmaceutical Policy 2002, National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)

  1. Code of Pharmaceutical Ethics: 5 Hours

Definition, ethical principles, ethical problem solving, registration, code of ethics for Pharmacist in relation to his job, trade, medical profession and his profession, Pharmacist’s oath.

  1. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act and Rules: 2 Hours

basic understanding, salient features, and Amendments

  1. Role of all the government pharma regulator bodies: 1 Hours

Central Drugs Standards Control Organization (CDSCO), Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC).

  1. Good Regulatory practices (documentation, licenses, renewals, e-governance) in Community Pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharma Manufacturing, Wholesale business, inspections, import, and export of drugs and medical devices. 3 Hours

  2. Introduction to BCS system of classification: 7 Hours

Basic concepts of Clinical Trials, ANDA, NDA, New Drug development, New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019. Brand v/s Generic, Trade name concept, Introduction to Patent Law and Intellectual Property Rights, Emergency Use Authorization

  1. Blood bank – basic requirements and functions 2 Hours

  2. Clinical Establishment Act and Rules – Aspects related to Pharmacy. 2 Hours

  3. Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 – 2 Hours

Basic aspects, and aspects related to pharma manufacture to disposal of pharma / medical waste at homes, pharmacies, and hospitals.

  1. Bioethics – 2 Hours

Basic concepts, history, and principles. Brief overview of ICMR’s National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research involving human participants

  1. Introduction to the Consumer Protection Act 1 1 Hour

  2. Introduction to the Disaster Management Act 1 1 Hour

  3. Medical Devices – Categorization, basic aspects related to manufacture and sale 2 Hours