Social Pharmacy practical
Explore the 1st year diploma in pharmacy focusing on social pharmacy as per the 2020 education regulations set by the Pharmacy Council of India. Enhance your knowledge and skills in this vital area of healthcare.
SOCIAL PHARMACY
10/8/202519 min read
Social Pharmacy Practical D Pharm. Education Regulation 2020, Pharmacy Council of India.
Experiment No. 1.
Aim:
National immunization schedule for children, adult vaccine schedule,
Vaccines that are not included in the National Immunization Program.
Immunization is a public health tool to prevent serious diseases. The National Immunization Schedule ensures essential vaccines are provided free of cost to children and pregnant women. Adults also require certain vaccines for continued protection. Some additional vaccines, although not part of NIP, are vital in specific conditions and are available in private practice.
1. National Immunization Schedule for Children (India)
The National Immunization Program (NIP) or Universal Immunization Program (UIP) is a government initiative that provides free vaccines to protect children against various vaccine-preventable diseases.
a. At Birth: BCG, OPV-0 (Oral Polio Vaccine), Hepatitis B-0
b. 6 Weeks: Pentavalent-1 (DPT + Hep B + Hib), OPV-1, IPV-1 (Inactivated Polio Vaccine), Rotavirus-1, PCV-1 (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine)
c. 10 Weeks: Pentavalent-2, OPV-2, Rotavirus-2, PCV-2
d. 14 Weeks: Pentavalent-3, OPV-3, IPV-2, Rotavirus-3
e. 9-12 Months: Measles-Rubella (MR-1), PCV Booster, JE-1 (in endemic areas), Vitamin A (1st dose)
f. 16-24 Months: MR-2, DPT Booster-1, OPV Booster, JE-2 (in endemic areas), Vitamin A (2nd–9th dose every 6 months)
g. 5-6 Years: DPT Booster-2
h. 10 & 16 Years: Tetanus and adult diphtheria (Td)
2. Adult Vaccine Schedule (India): Though focus has been primarily on childhood immunization, adults also require certain vaccines to maintain protection or due to occupational or travel risks.
a. Pregnant Women: TT (Tetanus Toxoid) or Td (2 doses during pregnancy)
b. Every Adult (once): MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), Hepatitis B (if not vaccinated in childhood)
c. Every 10 years: TD booster
d. Above 50 years: Influenza (yearly), Pneumococcal vaccine
e. Special Conditions: Hepatitis A, Typhoid, HPV (for females), Rabies (post-exposure), COVID-19 (as per Govt. guidelines)
3. Vaccines Not Included in National Immunization Program (NIP): These vaccines are available in private healthcare settings and are recommended based on risk factors, occupation, co-morbidities, or travel, but are not provided under the government schedule
a. HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Prevents cervical cancer.
b. Hepatitis A: Protects against Hepatitis A infection.
c. Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: Protects against typhoid fever,
d. MMR (if not given in childhood): Prevents measles, mumps, and rubella
e. Influenza Vaccine:| Seasonal flu prevention
f. Rabies Vaccine: Post-exposure or for high-risk individuals,
g. Chickenpox (Varicella): Prevents chickenpox
h. Meningococcal Vaccine: For travelers/students in outbreak areas
i. COVID-19 Vaccines: Based on the latest health advisory (e.g., Covishield, Covaxin)
Alok Bains
Experiment No. 2
Aim: To Study RCH – Reproductive and Child Health – Nutritional Aspects, Relevant National Health Programs
Introduction: Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) is a critical area of public health that focuses on improving the health and well-being of women, children, and adolescents. It encompasses a wide range of health services that aim to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality, ensure safe motherhood, and promote adequate nutrition for both mothers and children.
Objectives of the RCH Program:
1. To reduce infant, child, and maternal mortality.
2. To promote reproductive rights and ensure access to reproductive health services.
3. To improve maternal nutrition and child growth.
4. To ensure safe pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal care.
5. To prevent and manage common reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Nutritional Aspects in RCH:
1. Maternal Nutrition:
a. Essential for a healthy pregnancy and fetal development.
b. Key components: Iron, folic acid, calcium, protein, and energy-rich foods.
c. Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation is provided under various programs.
d. Emphasis on a balanced diet and weight gain monitoring during pregnancy.
2. Infant and Young Child Nutrition:
a. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months.
b. Complementary feeding from 6 months to 2 years along with continued breastfeeding.
c. Monitoring growth using growth charts and early detection of malnutrition.
3. Child Nutrition:
a. Focus on prevention and management of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies (especially Vitamin A, Iron, and Zinc).
b. Regular immunization, deworming, and growth monitoring.
c. Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme in schools to provide balanced meals.
4. Adolescent Nutrition:
a. Adolescents require a nutrient-rich diet to support growth and prevent anemia.
b. Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) is a key intervention.
5. Micronutrient Deficiencies: Addressing deficiencies like anemia, iodine deficiency, and Vitamin A deficiency is critical for overall health.
Relevant National Health Programs Related to RCH and Nutrition
1. Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Program:
a. Launched in 1997.
b. Covers family planning, maternal care, and child health services.
c. Emphasis on antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal care.
2. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY):
a. Conditional cash transfer scheme to promote institutional delivery
b. Aims to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.
3. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK):
a. Provides free and cashless services to pregnant women and sick newborns up to 30 days of birth.
b. Includes free drugs, diagnostics, and diet during hospital stay.
4. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): Launched in 1975.
a. Provides supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-ups, and pre-school education through Anganwadi centers.
5. National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan): Launched in 2018.
a. Aims to reduce stunting, undernutrition, anemia, and low birth weight.
b. Focuses on convergence between various departments and data-driven monitoring.
6. Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB):
a. Aims to reduce the prevalence of anemia among women, children, and adolescents through IFA supplementation, deworming, and behavior change communication.
7. Poshan Abhiyaan: Aims to reduce malnutrition and stunting in children.
8. Universal Immunization Program (UIP): Ensures vaccination against preventable diseases.
9. National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI): Targets anemia control across all age groups.
10. Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK): Aims at early detection and management of health conditions in children.
The RCH program, supported by various national health and nutrition initiatives, plays a crucial role in enhancing the health status of women and children in India. Nutritional care during pregnancy, early childhood, and adolescence is essential for breaking the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition. Pharmacists and healthcare workers can make a significant contribution by raising awareness and supporting implementation at the community level.
Alok Bains alokpdf.com
Experiment 3
Aim: To study and understand the various family planning devices, their types, mechanisms of action, usage, advantages, disadvantages, and role in population control and reproductive health.
Introduction: Family planning involves the practice of controlling the number and timing of children in a family. It plays a crucial role in improving maternal and child health, reducing unwanted pregnancies, and managing population growth. Various contraceptive methods and devices are used for family planning, which can be broadly classified into temporary (reversible) and permanent (irreversible) methods.
Types of Family Planning Devices:
1. Barrier Methods:
a. Male Condom:
i. Made of latex or polyurethane.
ii. Worn over the penis before intercourse.
iii. Prevents sperm from entering the uterus.
iv. Also protects against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
b. Female Condom:
i. A pouch inserted into the vagina before intercourse.
ii. Provides dual protection (pregnancy and STIs).
c. Diaphragm and Cervical Cap
i. Dome-shaped devices inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix.
ii. Used with spermicidal gel.
iii. Prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
2. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs):
a. Copper IUD (e.g., Copper-T)
b. Non-hormonal.
c. Releases copper ions toxic to sperm.
d. Long-term (5–10 years) protection.
e. Hormonal IUD: Releases progestin hormone. Thickens cervical mucus and thins endometrium. Lasts for 3–5 years.
3. Hormonal Methods:
a. Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs): Contain estrogen and progestin. Inhibit ovulation and alter cervical mucus. Taken daily.
b. Emergency Contraceptive Pills: Taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. Delays ovulation or prevents fertilization.
c. Injectable Contraceptives: Progestin-only. Given every 1–3 months.
d. Implants (e.g., Norplant): Rods inserted under the skin. Releases progestin over a long duration (3–5 years).
4. Permanent Methods:
a. Male Sterilization (Vasectomy):
i. Cutting/sealing the vas deferens.
ii. Outpatient procedure with minimal risk.
b. Female Sterilization (Tubectomy)
i. Blocking or sealing the fallopian tubes.
ii. Prevents eggs from reaching the uterus.
5. Natural Methods:
a. Calendar Method: Tracking ovulation to avoid intercourse during fertile days.
b. Withdrawal Method: Removing the penis before ejaculation.
Advantages of Family Planning Devices:
1. Effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies.
2. Helps in spacing childbirths.
3. Improves the health of the mother and child.
4. Empowers individuals and couples to make informed reproductive choices.
5. Reduces the burden on healthcare systems.
Disadvantages / Limitations:
1. Some methods may have side effects (e.g., hormonal imbalance).
2. Risk of improper usage (especially barrier methods).
3. No protection from STIs in some methods (e.g., pills, IUDs).
4. Requires proper education and accessibility.
Conclusion: Family planning devices are essential tools in reproductive health management. Pharmacists play a key role in counseling, educating, and ensuring the correct use of these methods to improve public health outcomes.
Experiment No. 4
Aim: To observe and identify the morphological characteristics of different microorganisms using ready-made slides under a microscope.
Requirements/Materials:
1. Compound microscope: which allows magnifications of 40x, 100x, 400x, and 1000x (with oil immersion)
2. Ready-made slides of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae)
3. Immersion oil (for 100x objective lens)
4. Lens cleaning tissue,
5. Dropper,
6. Slide box
Theory: Microscopy is a fundamental tool in microbiology and pharmaceutical sciences. It allows visualization of microbes that are not visible to the naked eye. The study of microbial morphology helps in the identification and classification of microorganisms, which is crucial in pharmaceutical microbiology for quality control, pathogen detection, and research purposes.
Different types of microorganisms include:
1. Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotic organisms; shapes include cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).
2. Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms; can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds); hyphae and spores are observed.
3. Protozoa: Unicellular eukaryotes; motile and often found in aquatic environments.
4. Algae: Photosynthetic eukaryotes; can be unicellular or multicellular.
Procedure:
1. Clean the microscope lenses using lens tissue.
2. Place the ready-made slide on the microscope stage and secure it with stage clips.
3. Start with the low-power objective (10x) to locate the specimen.
4. Focus using the coarse adjustment knob.
5. Switch to high power (40x) for better clarity and fine-tune with the fine adjustment knob.
6. For observing bacteria, use the oil immersion lens (100x). Apply a drop of immersion oil on the slide and use the oil immersion objective.
7. Record the observations regarding the shape, arrangement, and structure of the microbes.
8. Repeat the steps for each type of slide.
Observations:
1. Bacteria (Gram +): e.g., Bacillus: Rod-shaped, Purple (Gram positive), Arranged in chains
2. Bacteria (Gram -): e.g., E. coli: Rod-shaped, Pink (Gram negative), singly or in pairs
3. Fungi: Aspergillus, Hyphae, spores, Not stained, Branched hyphae visible.
4. Protozoa: Amoeba: Irregular shape, not stained, Pseudopodia seen
5. Algae: Spirogyra: Filamentous, Green chloroplasts, Spiral chloroplasts
Result: Different types of microorganisms were successfully observed under the microscope. Morphological features such as shape, arrangement, and cellular structures were identified and recorded.
Conclusion: Microscopical observation of microorganisms provides valuable insights into their morphology and helps in their identification. It is an essential skill in pharmaceutical microbiology and quality control.
Precautions:
1. Handle the slides and microscope carefully.
2. Always start with the lowest magnification.
3. Use immersion oil only with the 100x objective.
4. Clean the lenses after use to avoid residue buildup.
5. Do not touch the lens with fingers or rough cloths.
Experiment No. 5
Aim: To understand the importance of oral health and hygiene, identify common oral diseases, and explore methods for maintaining proper oral care.
References: World Health Organization (WHO) – Oral Health, American Dental Association (ADA), Basic Textbooks on Community Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy
Introduction: Oral health is an integral part of general health and well-being. It refers to the health of the teeth, gums, and the entire oral-facial system that allows us to smile, speak, and chew. Good oral hygiene is essential for preventing various dental and systemic diseases.
Importance of Oral Hygiene:
1. Prevents dental problems like cavities, gum diseases, and bad breath.
2. Reduces the risk of systemic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections.
3. Enhances appearance and self-confidence.
4. Improves quality of life and overall health.
Structure of the Oral Cavity
The oral cavity consists of the following structures:
Teeth: Responsible for chewing and breaking down food.
Gums: Soft tissues that support and protect teeth.
Tongue: A muscular organ essential for speech, swallowing, and taste.
Salivary Glands: Produce saliva, which keeps the oral cavity moist and aids in digestion
Common Oral Diseases:
1. Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) – Caused by bacterial action on sugars, producing acid that erodes tooth enamel.
2. Periodontitis or Periodontal Diseases: Infections and inflammation affecting the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. Result of advanced gum disease or severe decay leading to tooth loss.
3. Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums due to plaque buildup.
4. Halitosis (Bad Breath): Often due to poor oral hygiene or systemic conditions.
5. Oral Candidiasis: A Fungal infection common in immunocompromised individuals.
6. Oral Cancer: Associated with tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV.
Preventive Measures
1. Fluoride Application: Strengthens tooth enamel and prevents decay.
2. Dental Sealants: Protective coatings applied to teeth to prevent cavities.
3. Oral Health Education: Spreading awareness about good oral hygiene practices.
Methods of Maintaining Oral Hygiene:
1. Brushing Teeth: At least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
2. Flossing: To remove food particles and plaque between teeth.
3. Mouthwash Use: Antiseptic mouthwashes help reduce bacterial load.
4. Regular Dental Checkups: At least once every 6 months.
5. Healthy Diet: Low sugar intake and high fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
6. Avoid Tobacco and Limit Alcohol: Both are major risk factors for oral diseases.
7. Diet: Avoid excessive sugary and acidic foods; consume nutrient-rich foods for stronger teeth.
8. Use of Dental Products: Like tongue cleaners, interdental brushes, and fluoride gels.
Pharmacist's Role in Promoting Oral Health:
1. Educate patients on proper oral hygiene practices.
2. Counsel on the correct use of oral care products.
3. Identify symptoms of oral diseases and refer patients when necessary.
4. Recommend OTC oral health products such as antiseptic mouthwashes, toothpaste, and pain relievers.
5. Support public health awareness campaigns on oral hygiene.
Conclusion: Oral hygiene is a crucial aspect of personal health that should not be neglected. Pharmacists play a vital role in promoting oral health awareness and guiding patients toward better hygiene practices to prevent oral and systemic diseases.
Experiment No: 6
Aim: To understand and demonstrate proper hand hygiene practices and respiratory etiquette essential for infection prevention and control.
References:
1. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. 2009. [https://www.who.int](https://www.who.int)
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hand Hygiene Recommendations. [https://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene](https://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene)
3. CDC. Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette in Healthcare Settings. [https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/resphygiene.htm](https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/resphygiene.htm)
Introduction: Personal hygiene and proper etiquette play a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. As pharmacy professionals, maintaining high standards of hygiene is essential not only for personal health but also for patient safety and community health.
Part A: Hand Washing Techniques
1. Purpose: Hand hygiene is the most effective measure to prevent the transmission of pathogens.
2. Types of Hand Hygiene:
a. Hand washing with soap and water,
b. Hand rubbing with alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
3. Steps of Hand washing (As per WHO guidelines):
a. Wet hands with clean, running water.
4. Apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces.
a. Rub hands palm to palm.
b. Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa.
c. Palm to palm with fingers interlaced.
d. Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked.
e. Rotational rubbing of the left thumb clasped in the right palm and vice versa.
f. Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa.
g. Rinse hands thoroughly with water.
h. Dry with a clean towel or air dry.
i. Use a towel to turn off the faucet.
5. Duration: 40–60 seconds (for soap and water); 20–30 seconds (for alcohol-based rub)
6. When to Wash Hands:
a. Before and after patient contact
b. After using the toilet
c. Before eating
d. After coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose
e. After touching potentially contaminated surfaces
Part B: Cough and Sneeze Etiquette
1. Purpose: To reduce the spread of respiratory infections through droplets expelled during coughing or sneezing.
2. Proper Etiquette Includes:
a. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze.
b. If tissue is not available, use your elbow or upper sleeve – not your hands.
c. Dispose of the used tissue in a closed bin immediately.
d. Perform hand hygiene after coughing, sneezing, or touching used tissues.
3. Do’s and Don’ts:
a. Do use a tissue or elbow to cover a sneeze.
b. Do wash hands after coughing/sneezing.
c. Don’t use bare hands.
d. Don’t leave used tissues around.
4. Significance in Pharmacy Practice:
a. Prevents nosocomial infections in hospital settings.
b. Ensures safe handling of medicines and sterile products.
c. Demonstrates professionalism and sets a public health example.
Conclusion: Practicing proper hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette is fundamental for every healthcare professional. These basic yet powerful techniques are the first line of defense against the spread of infection.
Experiment No. 7
Aim: To understand the different types of face masks and personal protective equipment (PPE), their proper usage, donning and doffing procedures, and recommended methods of disposal in healthcare and pharmacy settings.
References:
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Guidance for the Selection and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Healthcare Settings. https://www.cdc.gov
2. World Health Organization. (2020). Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/rational-use-of-personal-protective-equipment-for-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)
3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2022). Personal Protective Equipment. https://www.osha.gov/personal-protective-equipment
4. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. (2021). COVID-19: Guidelines on rational use of Personal Protective Equipment. https://www.mohfw.gov.in
5. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2023). Respirator Trusted-Source Information. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators
Introduction: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is essential in healthcare environments to protect individuals from exposure to infectious agents. PPE includes masks, gloves, gowns, face shields, and eye protection. Pharmacy professionals often handle medications and interact with potentially infectious materials, so understanding PPE is critical for ensuring safety.
1. Types of Masks:
a. Surgical Masks:
Description: Loose-fitting, disposable masks that protect the wearer from large droplets and also prevent the wearer from spreading respiratory secretions.
Usage: Worn during procedures or in environments with low risk of aerosol generation.
b. bN95 Respirators:
Description: Tight-fitting respirators that filter at least 95% of airborne particles.
Usage: Used in high-risk environments, such as during aerosol-generating procedures or in the care of COVID-19 patients.
c. Cloth Masks:
Description: Non-medical masks made of fabric. Reusable and intended for public use, not clinical settings.
Usage: Recommended for use by the general public where social distancing is not possible.
d. KN95 Masks:
e. Description: Similar to N95 but certified under Chinese standards.
f. Usage: Used when N95s are not available, provided they meet regulatory standards.
2. Types of PPE Gear:
a. Gloves:
Made of latex, nitrile, or vinyl.
Used to prevent contamination of hands.
b. Gowns/Aprons:
i. Protect skin and clothing from contamination.
ii. Available as disposable or reusable.
c. Face Shields and Goggles:
i. Provide eye protection.
ii. Used in combination with masks to protect mucous membranes
d. Head Covers and Shoe Covers:
i. Used in sterile environments like clean rooms and operating theatres.
3. Proper Use: Donning and Doffing
a. Donning (Putting on PPE):
i. Hand hygiene
ii. Gown
iii. Mask or respirator
iv. Goggles or face shield
v. Gloves
vi. b. Doffing (Removing PPE):**
b. Doffing (Removing PPE):
i. Gloves
ii. Gown
iii. Hand hygiene
iv. Face shield or goggles
v. Mask or respirator
vi. Final hand hygiene
Important: Always perform hand hygiene before and after PPE use.
a. Disposal of PPE:
a. Single-use PPE (e.g., masks, gloves): Should be disposed of in biohazard bags or bins marked for infectious waste.
b. Reusable PPE: Must be disinfected according to institutional protocols.
c. Cloth Masks: Should be washed with hot water and detergent after every use.
Precautions:
a. Do not touch the front of the mask while removing it.
b. Never reuse disposable PPE.
c. Follow hospital/healthcare facility waste management guidelines.
Conclusion: Proper knowledge of PPE and mask types, their correct usage, and safe disposal is crucial in preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. Pharmacy students must be trained to use PPE responsibly to protect themselves and patients alike.
Alok Bains alokpdf,com
Experiment No. 8
Aim: To understand the importance of menstrual hygiene, its impact on health, and to study various menstrual hygiene products available in the market, along with their composition, usage, advantages, and limitations.
References:
1. WHO – Menstrual Hygiene Management (https://www.who.int)
2. UNICEF – Guidance on Menstrual Health and Hygiene (2020)
3. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice – “Role of Pharmacists in Menstrual Health Awareness” (2022)
4. Government of India – Menstrual Hygiene Scheme under NHM (https://nhm.gov.in)
5. Menstrual Health Alliance India – Product Guide (https://menstrualhealth.in)
Introduction: Menstruation is a natural and essential biological process in females, usually beginning between the ages of 10 to 15 years and continuing till menopause. Menstrual hygiene refers to the cleanliness and hygienic practices followed during the menstrual cycle. Improper menstrual hygiene can lead to infections of the reproductive tract, urinary tract, and skin, and may result in long-term health consequences.
In recent years, awareness around menstrual health has increased due to initiatives from healthcare providers, NGOs, and government programs. This has led to better access to hygienic menstrual products and education regarding their use.
Importance of Menstrual Hygiene:
a. Prevents infections (UTIs, RTIs)
b. Promotes comfort and confidence
c. Reduces risk of cervical cancer
d. Prevents bad odor and skin irritation
e. Encourages regular school/work attendance
Practices for Good Menstrual Hygiene:
a. Use of clean and safe menstrual products.
b. Changing sanitary products every 4-6 hours.
c. Washing the genital area with clean water.
d. Proper disposal of used sanitary materials.
e. Wearing clean, breathable undergarments.
Menstrual Hygiene Products:
1. Sanitary Napkins (Pads):
a. Composition: Absorbent core (cellulose pulp or superabsorbent polymers), polyethylene back sheet, adhesive layer, non-woven top layer.
b. Usage: External use, changed every 4–6 hours.
c. Pros: Easy to use, widely available.
d. Cons: Non-biodegradable, can cause rashes or allergies.
2. Tampons:
a. Composition: Compressed cotton or rayon, with applicator or finger-insertion.
b. Usage: Inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow.
c. Pros: Discreet, allows physical activity like swimming.
d. Cons: Risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) if not changed regularly.
3. Menstrual Cups:
a. Composition: Medical-grade silicone, rubber, or elastomer.
b. Usage: Inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual fluid.
c. Pros: Reusable, eco-friendly, cost-effective in the long term.
d. Cons: Requires proper sterilization and insertion technique
4. Reusable Cloth Pads:
a. Composition: Layers of cotton or bamboo fabric.
b. Usage: Washable and reusable; worn externally.
c. Pros: Economical, environment-friendly.
d. Cons: Needs thorough cleaning and drying.
5. Menstrual Discs:
a. Composition: Medical-grade polymer.
b. Usage: Inserted near the cervix to collect flow.
c. Pros: Can be worn for up to 12 hours, allows mess-free intercourse.
d. Cons: May be difficult to insert/remove for beginners.
Comparison
1. Sanitary Pads
a. Reusability: No
b. Duration of Use: 4–6 hours
c. Insertion Required: No
d. Cost (Approx.): Rs. 5–10/pad
e. Eco-friendliness: ₹5–10/pad
2. Tampons
a. Reusability: No
b. Duration of Use: 4–8 hours
c. Insertion Required: Yes
d. Cost (Approx.): 10–15/piece
e. Eco-friendliness: Low
3. Menstrual Cups
a. Reusability: Yes
b. Duration of Use: 8–12 hours
c. Insertion Required: Yes
d. Cost (Approx.): Rs 200–800
e. Eco-friendliness: High
4. Cloth Pads
a. Reusability: Yes
b. Duration of Use: 4–6 hours
c. Insertion Required: No
d. Cost (Approx.): Rs 100–200/set
e. Eco-friendliness: High
5. Menstrual Discs
a. Reusability: Some Yes
b. Duration of Use: 8–12 hours
c. Insertion Required: Yes
d. Cost (Approx.): Rs 250–400
e. Eco-friendliness: Moderate
Significance in Pharmacy
Patient Counseling:
Educating patients about the safe use of menstrual products.
Recommending suitable products based on individual needs.
Product Development:
Understanding the formulation and materials used in menstrual products.
Innovating eco-friendly and comfortable options.
Health Promotion:
Raising awareness about menstrual hygiene and its impact on overall health.
Health Education and Awareness:
1. Schools and colleges should conduct sessions on menstrual hygiene.
2. Awareness campaigns should target rural and urban populations.
3. Pharmacists can play a role by counseling female customers and recommending suitable products.
Conclusion: Menstrual hygiene is crucial for the overall health and dignity of menstruating individuals. A wide variety of menstrual products are now available, each with its own advantages and considerations. Educating pharmacy students on menstrual health can empower them to advocate for better hygiene practices in the community and improve public health outcomes.
Alok Bains alokpdf.com
Experiment No. 9
Aim: To Study First Aid and Basic Life Support (BLS) Systems
References
1. American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines 2020 – [www.heart.org](https://www.heart.org/)
2. Indian Resuscitation Council (IRC) – BLS Provider Manual.
3. St. John Ambulance First Aid Guide.
4. World Health Organization (WHO) – First Aid Guidelines.
5. Red Cross CPR and AED Training Modules – [www.redcross.org](https://www.redcross.org/)
6. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) – [www.ilcor.org](https://www.ilcor.org/)
7. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India – Emergency Care Guidelines.
Introduction: First aid is the immediate assistance provided to a person suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and promote recovery. Basic Life Support (BLS) refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers, and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or an obstructed airway.
Theory and Basics of First Aid: First aid involves assessing the victim and addressing life-threatening conditions using the ABCs – Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. Golden Hour: The first hour after a traumatic injury is the most critical for emergency treatment.
Components of First Aid Training
1. CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation): A life-saving technique useful in emergencies such as a heart attack or near-drowning, where someone’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped.
Steps:
a. Check responsiveness and breathing.
b. Call for emergency help.
c. Begin chest compressions at a rate of 100–120/min.
d. Give rescue breaths (30:2 compression to ventilation ratio).
AED (Automated External Defibrillator): A portable device that checks the heart rhythm and can send an electric shock to the heart to try to restore a normal rhythm.
Usage:
e. Turn on the AED and follow voice prompts.
f. Apply pads to the chest.
g. Ensure no one is touching the victim during analysis and shock.
h. Continue CPR after shock if advised.
2. FBAO (Foreign Body Airway Obstruction)
a. Signs: Choking, inability to speak, difficulty breathing, cyanosis.
b. Response:
i. Encourage coughing if partial obstruction.
ii. Perform the Heimlich maneuver for complete obstruction.
3. SCA (Sudden Cardiac Arrest)
a. Occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating effectively.
b. Requires immediate CPR and defibrillation to improve chances of survival.
Demonstration & Hands-On Training
1. Training mannequins are used to demonstrate CPR and AED.
2. Practice sessions include:
- Chest compressions and rescue breaths.
- Use of AED.
- Choking relief techniques.
- Scene safety and patient assessment.
Audio-Visual Aids:
a. Training videos showing real-life scenarios of cardiac emergencies.
b. Interactive modules for virtual practice.
c. Use of mobile apps for CPR guidance.
Practice and Skill Evaluation
a. Mock drills simulating emergencies.
b. Individual evaluation of CPR technique.
c. AED usage demonstration test.
d. First aid response timing and accuracy.
Role of the First Responder
a. Ensure safety of the scene.
b. Call for help and provide reassurance.
c. Perform life-saving interventions.
d. Maintain care until advanced help arrives.
Conclusion: Proper knowledge and training in First Aid and BLS are essential for pharmacy students, as they may be first responders in many settings. Regular practice, updates on guidelines, and confidence in handling emergencies can significantly improve patient survival outcomes.
Alok Bains
Experiment No. 10
Aim: To Study Emergency Treatment for All Medical Emergency Cases
References: WHO Guidelines for Snakebite Treatment, First Aid Manual (Red Cross).
1. Snake Bite
Types of Snakes:
a. Poisonous: Cobra, Krait, Viper, Sea snake
b. Non-poisonous: Many regional species
Signs & Symptoms:
c. Fang marks
d. Swelling, pain
e. Bleeding disorders (Viper)
f. Neurotoxic symptoms (Cobra/Krait): drooping eyelids, respiratory paralysis
Emergency Treatment:
g. DO NOT suck venom or apply tourniquets
h. Immobilize the affected limb
i. Keep the patient calm and reassured
j. Transport immediately to the hospital
k. Antivenom: Polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV) as per severity
Supportive treatment: Oxygen, fluids, ventilation if needed
2. Dog Bite (Rabies Exposure)
Risk Categories (WHO):
a. Category I: No risk
b. Category II: Minor scratches
c. Category III: Deep bite, bleeding
Emergency Treatment:
d. Wash wound with soap and water for 10–15 minutes
e. Apply antiseptic (povidone-iodine)
f. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
i. Anti-rabies vaccine (IM/ID schedule)
ii. Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) for category III exposure
3. Insecticide (Organophosphate) Poisoning
Symptoms:
a. SLUDGE syndrome: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI upset, Emesis
b. Miosis, bradycardia, respiratory distress
Emergency Treatment:
c. Decontaminate skin and clothing
d. Ensure airway, breathing
e. Antidotes:
i. Atropine: 2–4 mg IV, repeated until symptoms reduce
ii. Pralidoxime (2-PAM): 1–2 g IV over 15–30 min
Supportive treatment: IV fluids, oxygen, mechanical ventilation if needed
4. Fractures:
Types:
a. Simple (closed)
b. Compound (open)
c. Comminuted, greenstick
Emergency Treatment:
d. Immobilize the limb using a splint
e. Control bleeding in open fractures
f. Apply ice to reduce swelling
g. DO NOT move the patient unnecessarily
h. Reduction, Fixation, and Pain management
i. Transfer to a medical facility for imaging and orthopedic care
Rehabilitation: Physiotherapy and bone healing supplements.
5. Burns
Classification:
a. First-degree: Redness, pain
b. Second-degree: Blisters, swelling
c. Third-degree: Charred, numb areas
Symptoms: Pain, redness, blistering, and charring.
Emergency Treatment:
d. Stop the burning process (remove source)
e. Cool the burn with running water (not ice)
f. Cover with sterile cloth
g. DO NOT break blisters or apply creams
h. Dressing, Pain management, infection prevention, and fluid replacement for extensive burns
Advanced care: Skin grafting and managing complications.
6. Epilepsy (Seizure Attack)
Types of Seizures:
a. Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal)
b. Absence seizures
c. Partial seizures
Symptoms: Convulsions, loss of consciousness, and confusion.
Emergency Treatment:
a. Protect the patient from injury (remove harmful objects)
b. Do not restrain or place anything in the mouth
c. Place in recovery position after the seizure ends
If seizure lasts >5 minutes:
a. Administer diazepam 5–10 mg IV or rectally
b. Midazolam can also be used intranasally/buccally
c. Urgent hospital referral if prolonged or repetitive seizures
Long-term management: Antiepileptic drugs and lifestyle modifications.
Alok Bains alokpdf.com